Debian (Operating System)

Debian is a free operating system developed openly by many volunteer programmers (developers of Debian) belonging to the Debian Project. Debian operating system is a combination of software developed by the GNU license, and primarily uses the Linux kernel, so popular with the name of Debian GNU / Linux. Debian operating system that uses the Linux kernel is one of the popular Linux distributions with stability. Taking into account the Debian-based distro, like Ubuntu, Xubuntu, Knoppix, Mint, and so on, then Debian is a Linux distribution is the most widely used in the world
 


Organization
Debian Project governance organized by the Debian Constitution and the Social Contract which establishes the governance structure of the project the following explicitly stated goal of the project is developing a free operating systemOhloh estimates basiskode (54 million lines of code), using the COCOMO model, will range between USD 1 billion.
Features
Many other Linux distributions based on Debian, including Ubuntu, MEPIS, Dreamlinux, Damn Small Linux, Xandros, Knoppix, BackTrack, Linspire, and Debian edition of Linux Mint.Debian is known for his diverse choice. The current stable release containing more than 29 000 software package lunakuntuk 9 computer architecture. Debian uses the Linux kernel and also uses two FreeBSD kernel (kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64). This computer architecture from Intel / AMD 32-bit/X86-64bit commonly found in personal computers to the ARM architecture commonly found in embedded systems and the IBM zSeries mainframe servers.
The salient features of Debian is the APT package management system, the repository with a lot number of packets, packets strict policy, and the release of quality performance. This practice allows simple updates between releases, as well as for the removal of the package.
Debian installation using standard GNOME desktop environment. Including the OpenOffice.org program, iceweasel, Evolution, program writing CD / DVD, music and video player, editor, PDF viewer. In addition there is also a CD with the program KDE, Xfce and LXDECD the rest, which is divided into 5 DVDs or 30 CDs, containing the packages available and not required for standard installation. Other installation method is to use the net install CD which size is smaller than the CD / DVD normal installation. In it contains the minimum package to begin installation and download packages selected during installation using APT. CD / DVD can be freely downloaded via the web, BitTorrent, jigdo, or buy it from sellers.
HistoryDebian was first introduced by Ian Murdock, a college student from Purdue University, USA, on August 16, 1993. Debian's name comes from the combination of the name Ian by ex-girlfriend Debra Lynn: Deb and Ian.
At first, Ian began by modifying the distribution of SLS (Softlanding Linux System). However, he was not satisfied with the SLS has been modified by him so that he believes that it is better to build the system (Linux distribution) from zero (in this case, Patrick Volkerding is also trying to modify the SLS. He succeeds, and its distribution is known as "Slackware").
The Debian Project grew slowly at first and released a version 0.9x in 1994 and 1995. The transfer to other than i386 architecture began in the year 1995. Version 1.x was started in 1996.
In the year 1996, Bruce Perens replaced Ian Murdoch as Project Leader. In the same year the debian developer Ean Schuessler, took the initiative to form the Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines, provide the basic standards of commitment to the development of the debian distribution. He also formed the organization "Software in the Public Interest" to overshadow the legal and law debian.
In late 2000, a project to make changes in the debian archive and release management. And in the same year the developers begin the annual conference and workshop "debconf".
On April 8, 2007, Debian GNU / Linux 4.0 released with code name "Etch". Release the latest version of Debian, 2009, code-named "Lenny". deb is the extension of the Debian software package format and the name most often used for binary packages like that.
Debian packages are standard Unix gzip archive that includes two, or bzipped tar archive lzmaed: one is in control, and other information that contains data. Canonical program to deal with these packages is dpkg, most often via apt / aptitude.
Some of the core is available as a Debian package udebs ("micro-deb"), and usually only used to bootstrap the installation of Debian Linux. Although the file using the file name extension udeb, they comply with the specifications of the same structure as ordinary deb. However, unlike their counterparts deb, just the important functional udeb package file. In particular, the documentation file is usually omitted. udeb package can not be installed on a standard Debian system.
Debian package is also used in the distribution based on Debian, like Ubuntu and others. Currently there have been dozens of Linux distributions to debian-based, one of the most prominent and became a phenomenon is Ubuntu

Project Organization
The Debian Project is a voluntary organization with three documents that became the foundation:

    Debian Social Contract (The Debian Social Contract) defines a set of basic principles that must be complied with by the project following its developers. [10]
    The Debian User Free (The Debian Free Software Guidelines]] defines the criteria for free software and loaded the software that allowed the distribution, as refers to the Social Contract. This guide has been adopted as the basis of the definition of the Open Software (Open Source Definition). Although it can be considered as separate documents for various purposes, formally a part of

Social Contract.
Debian constitution describes the organizational structure for formal decision-making in the project and clarify the authority and responsibility of the Debian Project Leader, Secretary of the Debian Project and Debian Developers generally


Project Leader
Debian Project Leader (The Debian Project Leader (DPL)) are the ones that exist in public and also determines the direction of the project. [Debian project has had a leader as follows:

    1.Ian Murdock (August 1993 - March 1996), founder of the Debian Project
        2.Bruce Perens (April 1996 - December 1997)
  
    3. Ian Jackson (January 1998 - December 1998)
        4.Wichert Akkerman (January 1999 - March 2001)
 
    5.Ben Collins (April 2001 - April 2002)
 
    6.Bdale Garbee (April 2002 - April 2003)
        7.Martin Michlmayr (March 2003 - March 2005)
 
    8. Branden Robinson (April 2005 - April 2006)
 
    9. Anthony Towns (April 2006 - April 2007)

   10.Sam Hocevar (April 2007 - April 2008)
 
   11.Steve McIntyre (April 2008 - April 2010)
       12.Stefano Zacchiroli (April 2010 - Present)
Release:
On February 2011, the last stable release version is version 6.0, code named squeeze. When a new version is released, the previous stable version is version 5.0 codenamed lenny become oldstable
In addition, a stable release with minor updates (called point releases). Numbering scheme to remedy the point of release Debian 4.0 is included with the letters r (for release) after the major version number (eg: 4.0) followed by the number of release points-for example, the point of final release of version 4.0 (etch) December 8, 2010 is 4.0.r9 . From Debian 5.0 (lenny), the numbering scheme has changed from release point and follow the standard GNU version numbering, so, for example, the first point release of Debian 5.0 is 5.0.1 (not 5.0r1).
Debian security team released security updates for the latest stable major release, the same as the previous stable version, for one year. Version 4.0 was released on 8 April 2007, and the security team supports version 3.1 until March 31, 2008. For use in general, highly recommended to run a system that receives security updates. Distribution of testing also receive security updates, but the timing is not as regular as the stable version.
For Debian 6.0 (squueze) announced seubah development policies based on time of the freeze cycle of two years. Freezing by the time the Debian project is intended to accommodate the release time of the release based on the features. This policy aims to freeze the release can be better predicted by the distribution of Debian users, and enables developers to plan long-term Debian better. Debian developers expect a release every two years would give more time for big changes, reducing the inconvenience for the user. By having frozen in a predictable time is expected to reduce overall freezing time. Short-squeeze cycle is created with the purpose to enter into a new cycle. But this ignored the short freeze cycles.
Debian release code name is the name of a character from the movie Toy Story. Sid unstable distribution given name, in accordance with the character emotionally unstable, next-door neighbor who regularly destroyed toys. Release after the squeeze will be named Wheezy, the name of a rubber toy penguin in Toy Story 2.
Debian has issued eleven major stable release