UBUNTU (Operating System)

Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distributions and is distributed as free software. Ubuntu's name comes from the philosophy of South Africa, meaning "humanity to others" . Ubuntu is designed to kepentinga personal use, but the server version of Ubuntu are also available, and has been widely used.
Disponspori official Ubuntu project by Canonical Ltd. which is a company owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. The purpose of the Ubuntu Linux distribution brings the spirit embodied in the philosophy of Ubuntu to the software world. Ubuntu is a complete Linux-based operating system, freely available and have good support from community and professional experts.Philosophy
Ubuntu's philosophy as follows:

    * That the software should be available free of charge
    * That the application software must be used in each local language and for people who have physical        limitations
    * That should have the freedom to obtain, modify, and distribute the software in accordance with what they need without any hindrance
These freedoms make Ubuntu fundamentally different from proprietary software (proprietary), not just the equipment you need available free of charge, but you also have the right to modify your software until the software works the way you want. 
History and Development:
Ubuntu is a Debian flagship project. Initial target is to create a Ubuntu Linux desktop easier to use. Ubuntu is scheduled to be released every six months so it can be constantly updated Ubuntu system.  
Ubuntu was first released on October 20, 2004. Since then, Canonical has released a new version of Ubuntu every six months. Each release is supported for 18 months for system updates, security, and error (bug).  
Every 2 years (with x xx.04 version even numbers) will get a Long Term Support (LTS)  for 3 years to 5 years for the desktop and server editions. 12:04 But Ubuntu will be released April 2012 will get an update system for 5 years . The extension of this support is intended to accommodate business and IT users who work on a long cycle and cost considerations are expensive to update the system.  
Ubuntu software packages from the Debian unstable package; Ubuntu using the package format and Debian package management (APT and Synaptic). Debian and Ubuntu packages are often not suitable. Debian packages often need to be regenerated from the source to be used on Ubuntu , and vice versa. Ubuntu cooperate with Debian to try to perubaha-Ubuntu system changes lead back to the Debian , but this is almost never done. Inventor of Debian, Ian Murdock, once said that the Ubuntu package has the potential to lead too far from Debian . Before every release of Ubuntu, the packages taken from Debian unstable package and combined with a modified Ubuntu. A month before the release, making the package is stopped and the next job is to make sure the packages that have been taken to work properly.

Ubuntu is now funded by Canonocal Ltd. On July 8, 2005 Mark Shuttleworth founded the Ubuntu Foundation and establishment providing initial funding of U.S. $ 10 million. The purpose of the establishment of this foundation is to ensure the development and support all versions of Ubuntu can continue to run. On October 31, 2011, Mark Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu will support 14:04 smartphone, tablet, and smart TV. And the designs were already designed.  
Features:
Ubuntu is composed of many packets, mostly from the distribution under the license-free software license. However, some drivers use a particular software Proprietary software . License generally is GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) and GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), unequivocally states that the user can freely run, copy, study the, modify, and distribute without any restrictions. But still there is proprietary software that can run on Ubuntu. Ubuntu focuses on usability in the dysfunction of the availability, security and stability. Ubuntu also focuses on internasionalosasi and accessibility to be able to reach as many people . In terms of safety, the device can sudo to temporarily increase the privilage to perform administrative tasks, so that the root account can be kept locked, and prevent people terauthorisasi not change the system or open security flaws.
Ubuntu desktop use graphical desktop environment. Before Ubuntu 11.04 graphical user interaction is the GNOME Panel, but after the 11:04 version, changed to Unity. Unity is the interface that was developed by Canonical that was originally designed for Netbook editions.  
Ubuntu installed with many of them multi-purpose software:

    * The document
          o LibreOffice
          o OpenOffice (before 11:04)
    * Browser
          o Mozilla Firefox
          o Konqueror (on Kubuntu)
    * E-Mail browser
          o Mozilla Thunderbird
          o Evolution (Ubuntu before 11:10)
    * Minor games
          o Sudoku
          o Chess
          o mines
and some of the software are also included in Ubuntu 11.04 installation CD before sepert Transmission, GIMP. But the software is removed from the installation CD because of their large size. Ubuntu can also run Windows programs via Wine or Virtual Machine (such as VMware workstation or Virtual Box).
Ubuntu, unlike Debian, mengompile gcc package them using features such as PIE and Buffer Overflow protection to protect their software. Extra security features that significantly increase performance with the use of only 1% to 32 bit and 0.01% at 64 bit.  

System Requirements:
Desktop version of Ubuntu now supports the x86 32 bit and 64 bit. Unofficial support is also available for PowerPC, IA-64 (Itanium), Playstation 3 (but Sony have removed support for other OtherOS on 1 April 2011), and some mobile phones.  supported GPU is required to run the visual effects such as Unity Shell. In case of inadequate GPU, Unity Unity can be reduced to 2D hardware that requires lower.
Installation:

Ubuntu in general can be installed from the Live CD or Live can be installed via USB. Ubuntu operating system can run from a CD (often with a significant loss of performance), so users can check the compatibility of hardware and operating system driver support. CD also has the Ubiquity installer, so penggguna can install Ubuntu on your computer permanently. All the CD Ubuntu Ubuntu can be downloaded at the website . Installation of CD requires a minimum of 256 MiB EAM.
Users can download a disk image (. Iso) from the CD, which can then be written to physical media (CD or DVD), or run directly from the hard drive (using UNetbootin or GRUB). Ubuntu can also be run on ARM, PowerPC, SPARC, and IA-64, but these platforms are not officially supported.Canonical offers Ubuntu installation CD [31] and Kubuntu with the latest distribution of free (but stopped in April 2011), including paying the cost of postage for the purpose banyal countries around the world (via the service delivery ShipIt).
Microsoft Windows migration tool, called Migration Assistant (introduced in April 2007),  can be used untul retrieve bookmarks, wallpaper, and from MS Windows to a new Ubuntu installation. Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a USB flash drive (as long as the BIOS supports booting from USB), with the option to save the settings to the flashdrive. This makes Ubuntu users can install from the flash disk, and can run Ubuntu without making changes to the user's hard drive. For the new version of Ubuntu, the USB creator program is available to install Ubuntu to a USB drive with or without the LiveCD
Wubi, which is the choice of the Live CD,  is an installer that runs from the windows (as a large image that is set like other Windows programs and controlled by the Windows Control Panel). This method does not require a hard drive partition from Windows users. Wubi can also migrate user settings from Windows. 
Release:Each release has a code name and version number. The version number by year and month of release. The first number is the year, the second number is the month of release. For example, the first Ubuntu release, 4.10, was released on October 20, 2004.  ubuntu release every six months out of each April and October. Ubuntu releases are usually made up of various editions, the edition of the Desktop, Server, and Netbook. The fundamental difference in the third there is the desktop version of desktop manager while on the server edition does not exist, only the command prompt only.
Ubuntu Release code consists of two words in the form of an adjective (adj) followed by the name of animals that are arranged in alphabetical every release, except down version 6:06 (4:10; 5:04; 5.10). For example, Hardy Heron, composed of hardy adjectives (Bold; brave; stout; online; Resolute; Intrepid. [1913 Webster]) and heron (a type of bird). Release is scheduled one month after the release of GNOME (ie one month after the release of X.org). So that each prilisan version of Ubuntu has GNOME and X is updated.
Increase in the release must be made from one version to the next (eg from Ubuntu Ubuntu 11.04 to 11:10). However, this version can be directly ditingkatan LTS to LTS version selanjutanya (example: from 8:04 LTS to Ubuntu 10.04 LTS).  
Ubuntu 11.04 was released on 28 April 2011 "Natty Narwhal" [39] [40] has an interface that is very different from previous Ubuntu releases. Ubuntu 11.04 Unity to use interface as the standard graphical interface (GUI). However, it is possible to return to the old GNOME panel. Unity has received a lot of criticism, especially due to the sudden development of his that is still not perfect [41] [42]. However, a few other users prefer the approach of the Unity of the old GNOME desktop [43]. 11:10 Unity on Ubuntu builds have improved this time of the GNOME platform 3.2 (Ubuntu 11.04 is built on the GNOME platform 2) resulting in fewer problems and better visual effects.
Ubuntu CD can be obtained for free / free pieces in the form of iso or cd. For Internet users in Indonesia can download files faster than Ubuntu servers that exist in Indonesia than downloading from an external site. 
Desktop Environment:
Ubuntu comes with a large selection of Desktop Environment, among the most famous is the GNOME, KDE, Xfce, and LXDE.

    * GNOME: Since its first release until now GNOME is the default Ubuntu desktop environment (Unity stands on the GNOME platform). GNOME is one of the most popular desktop environment in Linux and widely used. On April 2011, introduces GNOME GNOME Shell, a focused framework. Lots of Ubuntu users who have switched to GNOME Shell because it looks interesting.
  
  * Unity: Since Ubuntu 11.04, Ubuntu has been using Unity as the default Desktop Environment. Unlike GNOME, KDE, Xfce, and LXDE; Unity is not a collection of software, but only the desktop environment that uses the existing gtk +, and runs on the GNOME platform. At the initial launch in Ubuntu 11.04, Unity criticized very much because it still has many problems, so that at first many users still prefer to choose GNOME. But since perfected on Ubuntu 11:10 Unity, Unity is now more free of problems, and better visual effects.
    
 * KDE (K Desktop Environment) is a standard desktop environment in Kubuntu. KDE desktop is famous for its plasma, but plasma desktop hardware requires a larger power anyway so not all computers can run.
    
 * Xfce: Xfce desktop environment is a project whose goal is to create a desktop that requires fewer hardware resources. But the hardware resource requirements Xfce is still higher than in LXDE. Is the standard Xfce desktop environment Xubuntu.
   
 * LXDE: LXDE desktop environment is a project that aims to make the desktop a fast and energy efficient. LXDE is the desktop environment Lubuntu standards.
Variants:

 

Ubuntu variants are numerous, but only three are officially supported and financed by Canonical Ltd. namely, Kubuntu, Xubuntu, and Lubuntu.
Here is the Ubuntu variant of the famous:

    * Ubuntu Kubuntu using KDE Plasma Workspace, Kubuntu requires more hardware resources than a lot of Ubuntu.
    * Xubuntu Ubuntu distribution that uses Xfce desktop environment, requiring fewer hardware resources.
    * Distribution Lubuntu Ubuntu using LXDE desktop environment, an Ubuntu distribution that requires At least hardware resources.
    * One Edubuntu Ubuntu and GNOME joint project that aims to create an operating system for schools and home users.
    * Mythbuntu Ubuntu distribution that is designed to make the theater Ruma with MythTV. Mythbuntu uses Xfce desktop environment.
Server Edition:
 

 

 

 

Ubuntu also offers operating system in the server edition. The current version is Ubuntu 10.04 Long Term Support (LTS) release, which will be supported until April 2015. The update will include new features of computer hardware, security updates, and update ubuntu stack (software cloud computing). (Cloud computing infrastructure).
Ubuntu use AppArmor security module gracious Linux Kernel is the default key is turned on by the software package, and the firewall has been developed from the services that use the operating system. Home directory and encrypted private directories as well.  

 

Ubuntu 10.04 Server Edition has a MySQL 5.1, Tomcat 6, Open JDK 6, Samba 3.4, Nagios 3, PHP 5.3, Pyton 2.6. Most of the service is only takes 30 minutes to configure.  

Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Server Edition supports Intel x86 and AMD64 architectures. Menyediiakan server edition features such as file / print services, web hosting, email hosting, etc.. There are several differences between the server edition and desktop edition even though both use the same apt repositories. The main difference is, the server edition does not install X window environment standard SCARA, although the graphics interface can be installed manually as Ubuntu desktop. Ubuntu Server Edition CD also has the option to install the Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud.
Ubuntu Server is also distributed free of dam-free. Users can choose to pay for technical support and consulting. Sukungan usually a contract with 9x5 business hours for $ 750 per server, and 24x7 contract for each year worth $ 1.200.